《?帝內經》之「八風」名實考

CMUR > College of Chinese Medicine > School of Chinese Medicine > Theses & dissertations > Item 310903500/58854

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://ir.cmu.edu.tw/ir/handle/310903500/58854

Title:	《?帝內經》之「八風」名實考 A Study of the Names of the "Eight Winds" in the Internal Classic
Authors:	林麗如;Li-Ju Lin
Contributors:	中醫學系博士班
Keywords:	八風;太一;藏府風;中醫流派;黃帝內經年代;節氣;八卦;Eight winds;Supreme Unity;Viscera and Bowels winds;the Internal Classics ages;Chinese medicine school;Solar term;the eight trigrams
Date:	2019-07-09
Issue Date:	2019-11-08 11:20:45 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	中國醫藥大學
Abstract:	「風」，自然界與我們息息相關的現象。現代科學定義：「風」為空氣的水平運動。「風」字目前最早見於戰國時期楚帛書。風除了能生養萬物外，也會造成身體的疾患，此即中醫所謂的六淫之一風邪。「八風」於《黃帝內經》中共出現了20次。《黃帝內經》原文共162篇，其中《九宮八風》更是獨立成篇，其中有些內容更觸及了中醫學術體系的源頭。由此可知「八風」之重要性。本研究依歸納、分析法，共蒐集與「八風」相關之專書359本、期刊161篇、論文集40本、論文6本。將進行比較後的史料，進一步進行綜合分析，以期了解《黃帝內經》中八風之斷代、八風之實質、八風之釋名、及八風與中醫學之關係。根據傳世文獻比較分析發現：八風之名產生於范蠡去越至齊（公元前472年）之前的楚地，且可能由深受道家老子影響的范蠡傳至齊地，開啟一系列的發展。從藏府經絡角度來看，直至呂后二年（公元前186年）之前，手太陽小腸經之名未見於出土文獻中，而以肩脈。藏府之名於馬王堆帛書中亦少見，且病名與藏府間尚未連結。傳抄於景帝、武帝之間的老官山出土醫簡中記載了五藏、四方風之病名、及八風邪之名。但，此時所言為五藏，而非《靈樞．九宮八風》之八藏系統，且其中所配對的為胃藏而非脾藏。《靈樞．九宮八風》中已出現手太陽脈與小腸藏相連結之實。根據《漢書》的記載得知，五藏六府之名於劉向校書時已完備。故《黃帝內經》中之八風之理論至遲於漢武帝之前已存在，並可能於劉向校書時，編入《黃帝內經》中。根據《靈樞．九宮八風》和《淮南子．天文訓》此兩段文獻中可以知道，「八風」是隨著季節更替而到來的風，此正符合現代季風的定義。「八風」的實質之一當是季風無誤。然而，於竺可楨先生研究中發現，於各月，各地的風向並不相同。根據學者們的研究，發現中醫學理論基礎在形成過程中，由於受到了氣候的影響，而具有一定的地域侷限性。因此，於此推論：「八風」的源流應當具有一定的地域性。由《鶡冠子》、《管子》中記載，可以了解戰國時期楚國、齊國曆法中，已存在節氣曆法的使用。且，八風於楚國和二十四氣同時使用；於齊國則併入三十節氣中，且三十節氣的名稱中已有「清明」、「大暑」、「小暑」、「白露」、「大寒」等見於後來二十四節氣的命名。至遲於漢武帝時，原本具有多種身分的八風，於太初改曆之時，已逐漸被其它名詞取代。除了天文方位的身分與「八正」並存外，八節天文曆法的角色，在改曆之時，亦被更為精確的二十四節氣曆法所取代。而八風名詞本身逐漸退居占卜術數的地位。八風的名稱大致可以分為兩大系統。一為《靈樞．九宮八風》類，另一為《左傳》類。根據魏慈德先生論證、《史記．律書》與兵家關係的考證、及鐘律與兵家之間關係之探討，我們認為兩類八風實為一種。任炳潭及孫基然先生研究發現《靈樞．九宮八風》類八風的命名乃依「剛柔」而分。「剛柔」乃指太陽的運行所在位置不同，而產生的陰陽二氣變化。春秋戰國至秦漢時代，醫學分兩大派：秦派和齊派。根據對於兩派特色的探討，可以看到《靈樞．九宮八風篇》中存在：扁鵲醫學「陰陽與藏象學說」中「胃屬太陰」的遺跡。輔以後面章節「八風」與「藏府風」間的關係的探討；佐以范行準和李伯聰先生對於《中藏經》是扁鵲學派的著作的考證，我們已可斷定：「八風」理論當為齊派醫學，且為扁鵲學派。《黃帝內經》成書前文獻尚未見到完整「藏府風」名，只見零星相關症狀或病名。文獻中可以發現，「藏府風」內容大致可以分成兩大類，一是《黃帝內經》類，另一是《金匱要略》類。《中藏經》則集兩類於一書內。其中，「某風」的病名當是用於風邪經由皮表俞穴傳入體內的途徑，病邪經由絡、經、府而至藏。「某中風」的病名用於中陰陽俱感(中外俱感)，邪乃得往於藏之病機時。由此亦發現，《中藏經》中所存錄的另一「藏風」系統當為古代醫學的「八藏」系統。此系統亦見存於《黃帝內經》〈九宮八風篇〉。以飧泄腸辟為例，八風發邪，當人體虛弱的時候，其經由皮膚、絡、經，進而傷及藏府，進而導致水穀不化的飧泄症狀。久而脾胃虛損導致「腸辟」。即「久風入中，則為腸風飧泄」。此與後世則出現「腸風」、「藏毒」當是不同，此演變值得醫家們研讀醫書時特別加以區分。《靈樞．九宮八風》之「合八風虛實邪正圖」中，八卦之卦序及卦位同於《連山》易遺說之《說卦傳》內容；且《靈樞．九宮八風》中「君」、「吏」、「百姓」、「將」、「相」，恰對應於《三?．連山易》內容。故，《靈樞．九宮八風》中所提內容與《連山》易有關。凌家灘出土的含山玉片可能就是最原始的日晷，且與太乙九宮式盤極相似。玉版周圍鑽孔右行呈4、5、9、5排列，所顯示的式法亦與之相同。可證《靈樞．九宮八風篇》與八卦之間有密切關係，且載有上古天文曆法占卜之訊息。郭店楚簡《太一生水》的出土更可為之佐證。 "Wind" is a natural phenomenon closely related to humans. In modern science, "Wind" is defined as the horizontal movement of air. In history, the word "wind" was first used in the Chu dynasty in the Warring States Period. The wind is able to raise all kinds of lives and can also cause physical illness. This is called the pathogenic wind and is one of the six excesses in traditional Chinese medicine. The phrase "Eight Winds" appeared 20 times in the Internal Classic. The Internal Classic consists of 162 sections, of which Magic Pivot, Nine Palances and Eight Winds are discussed in one section, with part of this discussion related to the origin of the Chinese medicine system. This shows the importance of the "Eight Winds". In this study, 359 books, 161 periodicals, 40 paper collection, and 6 theses related to the induction and analysis methods of the "Eight Winds" were collected. Following comparison, the historical data was further analyzed to understand the relationship between the "Eight Winds" of the Internal Classic, the essence of the "Eight Winds", the interpretation of the "Eight Winds", and the relationship between the "Eight Winds" and Chinese Medicine. According to the comparative analysis of the literatures handed down for generations, it is found the name of the "Eight Winds" originated in Chu State before Fan Li went to Qi State (472 BC), and Fan Li, who was deeply influenced by Laozi, passed "Eight Winds" to the Qi State and started a series of developments. From the point of view of the small intestine meridian, until the second year of the Queen Lu dynasty, the name of the small intestine meridian was not found in the unearthed relics, but was associated with the shoulder meridian. The name of the viscera and bowels was also rarely found in the Mawangdui Medical Silk Texts, and the name of the disease was not yet linked to the viscera and bowels. The name of the Five Viscera, the "Four Winds" diseases, and the "Eight Winds" diseases were recorded in the Laoguan Mountain Medical Silk Texts unearthed in Hunan, which was copied between the period of Emperor Jing and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, at this time, this five viscera were not eight viscera in the Magic Pivot, Nine Palances and Eight Winds , and the pair of them were the stomach, not the spleen. A connection between the hand greater yang meridian and the small intestines viscus was described in the Magic Pivot, Nine Palances and Eight Winds. According to Han Shu, the name of five viscera and six bowels was completed when Liu Xiang’s corrected books were published. Therefore, the theory of the "Eight Winds" in the Internal Classics existed before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and may have been included in the Internal Classics by Liu Xiang. According to the Magic Pivot, Nine Palances and Eight Winds and Huainanzi, and The Astronomical Training, the "Eight Winds" are the winds that come with the seasonal replacement, which is in line with the definition of the modern monsoon. However, the study of Mr. Yu Kezhen found the wind direction varies from month to month. Based on research, it is found the theoretical basis of traditional Chinese medicine has certain geographical limitations due to the influence of climate. Therefore, it is inferred from this that the source of the "Eight Winds" should have a certain regional nature. According to the records in the Ho-kuan-tzu and Guanzi, we can understand the use of the calendar with solar terms in the Chu State and the Qi State calendars. Moreover, in the Chu State, the eight winds are used at the same time as the twenty-four solar terms. In the Qi State, the contents of the "Eight Winds" are incorporated into the 30 solar terms. Among the names of the 30 solar terms, there are "Qing Ming", "Great Summer", "Little Summer", "White Dew" and "Great Cold" which are in the 24 solar terms at a later time. At the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the "Eight Winds" that originally had multiple identities were gradually replaced by other nouns when the calendars were re-edited. In addition to the astronomical position and the "Eight Positives" coexistence, the role of the eight-section astronomical calendar was replaced by a more precise twenty-four solar terms when the calendar was revisited. The "Eight Winds" nouns themselves gradually retired to the role of divination. The name of the "Eight Winds" can be roughly divided into two major systems. One is the Magic Pivot, Nine Palances and Eight Winds category, the other is the Zuo Zhuan category. According to Mr. Wei Tide's research, on Historical Records Textual research on the relationship between the law book and the military, and the relationship between the bell and the military, we believe the two types of "Eight Winds" are the same. Ren Bingtan and Sun Jiran studied and discovered the Magic Pivot, Nine Palances and Eight Winds category is divided according to "rigid and soft". "Rigid and soft" refers to the difference in the position of the sun, and the resulting yin and yang changes. From the spring and autumn period, the Warring States period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, Chinese medicine was divided into two major factions: Qin and Qi. According to the discussion of the characteristics of the two factions, we can find the relics of the "Stomach belongs to greater yin" in "Yin and Yang and visceral manifestation theory", that belong to the Bianque School, as shown in the book Magic Pivot, Nine Palances and Eight Winds. With the discussion of the relationship between "Eight Winds" and "Viscera and Bowels Winds" and the textual research on the book of the Bianque School of Mr. Fang Hsinchun and Mr. Li Bocong, we can conclude the "Eight Winds" theory belongs to Qi medicine and the school of Bianque. We have not yet found the complete content of "Viscera and Bowels Wind" in the literature before the Internal Classic, only sporadic related symptoms or disease names. In the literature, the contents of " Viscera and Bowels Wind " can be roughly divided into two categories, one is the Internal Classic and the other is the Jinguiyaolue. In the book Central Treasury Canon, these two categories were combined. Among them, the name of "A Certain Wind" is used for the passage of wind evil into the body through the skin surface, and the disease is hidden through the Collateral, the Meridian, the bowels and the viscera. The name of "Meets a Certain Wind " is used for the depth of the sickness spread throughout the body, and evil is to go to the pathogenesis of the viscera. It has also been found another visceral manifestation theory recorded in the Central Treasury Canon is the "Eight Viscera " system of ancient medicine. This system is also found in the Internal Classics. Take the case of swill diarrhea and "Chang Pi", for example, when the human body is weak, it will damage the viscera and bowels through the skin, the collaterals and the meridians, which will lead to the stagnation of diarrhea marked by watery stool containing undigested food. For a long time, the spleen and stomach deficiency caused "Chang Pi". This differs from the later generations of "intestinal wind" and "visceral toxin ". This evolution is worthy of special distinction when doctors study medical books.
Appears in Collections:	[School of Chinese Medicine] Theses & dissertations

Files in This Item:

File	Size	Format
index.html	0Kb	HTML	29	View/Open

Loading...