巴東體(Bartonella)是世界上最常見的人畜共患傳染病之一。它們大部分的家族都可在世界各地的野生動物和家養動物中觀察到，且在地理分佈以及節肢動物傳染媒介有高度多樣性，像是跳蚤、白蛉、蜱等。巴東體是造成人類一些急性和慢性感染的原因，包括卡里翁病(Carrion’s Disease)、貓抓病(Cat Scratch Disease)和戰壕熱(Trench Fever)。由於氣候變遷和全球移民的增加，了解巴通體菌種及其相關疾病的演化和傳播很重要。透過生物信息學方法，本研究試圖呈現巴通體的傳播和演化情況。從GenBank收集巴通體gltA序列及其相關信息。利用BioEdit中的多重比對功能進行比對後，再利用由jModeltest建構的模型進行分析，並由MEGA7和BEAST 2.4.7兩個軟體執行親緣演化樹分析 (phylogenetic analysis) 和親緣地理分析(Phylogeography analysis)，並利用。巴通體的傳播使用SPREAD和Google Earth進行資料視覺化。結果顯示，巴通體根據它們的種類和寄主，形成從1到5共計5個不同的集群。 tMRCA揭示了長達6000多年的巴通體長時間演化歷史。通過SPREAD和Google Earth進行視覺化後，巴通體呈現出在近幾年全球分佈和迅速擴散和演化的趨勢。結果也觀察到宿主的轉換，巴爾通體桿菌從人轉換到囓齒類動物上。綜上所述，近幾十年來巴爾通體的發展十分複雜、傳播迅速且全球化。為了防止這些細菌不僅在人類，而且在自然界中爆發，進一步研究巴通體的演化和這些物種的宿主轉換機制以及環境因這種演化造成的影響是重要的，尤其是近幾年當氣候變化變得複雜時。
Bartonella is known as the one of the most popular zoonotic infectious agent in the world. Most of their family have been observed in various wild and domestic animal in the world and a high diversity of geographic distributions and arthropod vectors. And Bartonella sp. is responsible for some acute (Carrion’s Disease, Cat Scratch Disease, and Trench Fever…) and chronic infection like chronic Lyme disease. Because climate change and the increase of migration around the world have become a health concern nowadays, it is important to understand the evolution and the transmission of Bartonella species and their related disease. By using Bioinformatics methods, this study tried to demonstrate the transmission and evolution situation of Bartonella species. Due to the advantages of citrate synthase gene in distinguish intragenus of Bartonella and its potential in Phylogeography analysis, Bartonella gltA sequences and their related information were collected from GenBank. After alignment by using multiple alignment function in BioEdit, the phylogenetic and Phylogeography analysis was conducted by using MEGA7 and BEAST 2.4.7 with the constitution model gained from jModeltest. The dissemination of Bartonella sp. was visualized using SPREAD and Google Earth. As a result, Bartonella sp. formed 5 divergent clusters from 1 to 5 based on their species and hosts. tMRCA revealed the Bartonella long time evolutionary history which could be more than 6000 years ago. After visualization by SPREAD and Google Earth, Bartonella sp. showed their globally distribution and rapidly spreading and evolution in the recent years. And host switch was also observed in Bartonella bacilliformis from human to rodent in Japan. In conclusion, the evolution of Bartonella was complicated and the dissemination was fast and globally in the last decades. to prevent these bacteria outbreak not only in human, but also in nature, it is important to further investigate the evolution of Bartonella and also the host switch mechanism of these species and the effect of environment on this evolution.
