目前臨床上用於治療肌萎縮性脊髓側索硬化症的藥物包括麩氨酸拮抗劑如銳力得(Riluzole)、抗氧化劑如維他命E、神經滋養因(neurotrophicfactor)及免疫調節劑(immune modulators)等,然前述藥物Riluzole(glutamate 的拮抗劑)為臨床唯一用藥,對於疾病的治療多無明顯益處,或僅能有限地延長患者生命達3至5個月。因此,目前臨床上仍需要一種可延緩運動神經元退化性疾病之發病及/或治療運動神經退化性疾病的藥物。近來有新的研究指出在此神經退化疾病的發病過程中,受損的運動神經細胞其自體吞噬作用的機制可能扮演重要的角色。研究發現增強自體吞噬作用應用在肌萎縮性脊髓側索硬化症的治療,反而會加速疾病的惡化,減少ALS 小鼠的存活天數;並且,伴隨著增強自體吞噬作用並不會清除突變的超氧歧化酶(SOD1)堆積。因此,發展新的小分子藥物來抑制自體吞噬作用,進而用來治療神經退化性疾病,應該是十分具有發展潛能。在我們先前研究發現,正-丁烯基苯酞(n-butylidenephthalide, n-BP)可藉由誘導endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress 表現,造成攝護腺癌細胞死亡。根據文獻指出ER stress 可調控自體吞噬作用。因此,我們認為正-丁烯基苯酞具有調控自體吞噬作用的能力,可能對ALS的疾病治療有所幫助,透過細胞及動物實驗來探討所篩得藥物的分生機制來驗證我們的假說。在我們的研究發現,每天口服兩次 n-BP 250 mg/kg 與臨床用藥Riluzole相比可有效延長ALS小鼠壽命超過200天vs140天,並且改善運動行為。藉由西方點墨法進行蛋白質分析,在動物及細胞實驗中皆證實正-丁烯基苯酞可抑制自體吞噬作用LC3-II標記蛋白表現,降低細胞凋亡caspase 3 蛋白表現,延長運動神經元存活。更進一步,藉由穿II透式電子顯微鏡發現正-丁烯基苯酞抑制自體吞噬作用過度活化,有可能是藉由維持粒線體正常結構。再者,經由免疫組織切片染色,我們發現正-丁烯基苯酞有效延緩運動神經元死亡,進而改善運動行為功能。因此,經由細胞與動物實驗,本研究證明:正-丁烯基苯?有效延長ALS小鼠壽命、改善運動功能,是藉由抑制自體吞噬作用延緩運動神經元死亡。
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal degenerating disease, characterized by progressive muscular atrophy without any effective treatment. Here, we demonstrated the efficacy of abrograting autophagy in motor neurons (MN) by treatment with n-butylidenephthalide (n-BP) in ALS transgenic mice (SOD1G93A).
Pre-symptomatic oral administration of 250 mg/kg/bid n-BP significantly prolonged the survival period (203.9 ± 18.3 days), improved motor function, and attenuated MN
loss compared to vehicle control (126.4 ± 7.2 days). This prolonged survival of ALS mice is much more robust than that reported with riluzole (140 days), which is an
approved clinical therapy for ALS. The therapeutic mechanism targeted by n-BP involved the autophagic pathway as evidenced by decreased LC3-II expression (a
biomarker of autophagy), enhanced mTOR levels, and attenuated autophagic activity, altogether increasing MN survival in a dose-dependent manner. This result was also
confirmed by double transgenic mice (SOD1G93A::LC3-GFP) which showed that oral administration of n-BP reduced GFP density and decreased caspase-3 expression.
In addition, electron microscopy revealed that n-BP administration not only decreased autophagosome number but also reduced morphological dysfunction of mitochondria.
In summary, these results indicate that down-regulation of autophagy activation via n-BP may pose as a therapeutic regimen for ALS and relevant neurodegenerative
diseases.