| 摘要: | 學齡前時期為兒童發展基礎動作技巧之重要時期，基礎動作技巧的發展狀態將會影響特化動作技巧之發展。在基礎動作技巧中，跳躍為一功能性且多樣化之動作技巧，最基本且常見的型態為單腳跳、立定跳遠和垂直跳，這些技巧也會廣泛的被運用在各種運動。本研究使用動作擷取系統配合學前兒童粗大動作品質量表，探討四到六歲學齡前兒童立定跳遠和垂直跳的量化參數與質化分數之間的相關性，以及學齡前兒童量化動作表現和動作發展之相關。研究結果顯示五歲組(四歲半到五歲半)和六歲組(五歲半到六歲半)兒童在立定跳遠和垂直跳的起跳速度、起跳角度、起跳前軀幹前傾角度、軀幹角度變化量、跳躍距離及跳躍高度等量化參數皆無年齡組差異。立定跳遠的起跳角度和起跳前軀幹前傾角度皆與立定跳遠品質要素和跳躍距離呈現顯著中度以上相關，表示起跳角度和起跳前軀幹前傾角度為評估立定跳遠量化和質化發展表現的重要量化參數。起跳速度、起跳角度、落地時大腿和水平面的夾角、軀幹前傾角度、軀幹角度變化量以及起跳前期髖踝關節斜率(相對角度變化量)為和立定跳遠表現有相關的量化參數。垂直跳躍的起跳速度和軀幹角度變化量為和垂直跳表現有相關的量化參數。立定跳遠和垂直跳的起跳速度、起跳前軀幹前傾角度、軀幹角度變化量、起跳前期髖踝關節斜率以及跳躍表現皆與學前兒童粗大動作品質量表分數呈現中度相關，表示立定跳遠和垂直跳能夠呈現出動作發展的整體特質。立定跳遠和垂直跳的起跳速度、軀幹前傾角度、軀幹角度變化量、起跳前期髖膝關節斜率以及起跳前期髖踝關節斜率有顯著差異，表示立定跳遠和垂直跳的動作特性及策略不完全相同。總結，學齡前兒童的立定跳遠 量化和質化動作表現與動作發展呈現一致的進程，軀幹動作與起跳前期髖踝關節斜率為立定跳遠和垂直跳不同之處，也是和動作發展相關的重要量化參數。
Preschool period is critical for children in developing their fundamental movement skills, which would influence the development of specialized movement skills afterwards. Jumping is a functional but diverse movement skill, with the various types of single-leg hop, board jump and vertical jump. These different types of jumping also widely used in different sport participations. This study aimed to discuss the correlation between quantitative parameters and qualitative scores in standing long jump and vertical jump focusing on four- to six- year-old preschoolers, and also to investigate the relations between quantitative parameters of jumping and motor development. A vedio-based motion capture system and Preschooler Gross Motor Quality scale (PGMQ) were used to obtain the quantitative and qualitative measures, respectively. The results showed no significant difference between five-year-old group and six-year-old groups in takeoff velocity, takeoff angle, trunk inclination angle at takeoff, trunk extension range, jump distance and jump height. For standing long jump, the takeoff angle and trunk inclination angle before takeoff were moderately correlated to the jump distance and quality component score of horizontal jump. This indicated that takeoff angle and trunk inclination angle before takeoff were critical quantitative parameters in both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of standing long jump. The standing long jump performance was significantly associated with several quantitative parameters, including takeoff velocity, takeoff angle, thigh angle at touchdown, trunk inclination angle, trunk extension range, and slope of hip-ankle plot during pre-takeoff phase. For vertical jump, the performance was significantly associated to takeoff velocity and trunk extension range. Many quantitative parameters in both standing long jump and vertical jump, including takeoff velocity, trunk inclination angle, trunk extension range, slope of hip-ankle plot during pre-takeoff phase and jumping performance, were moderately correlated to score of Preschooler Gross Motor Quality scale, indicating these parameters could represent certain features of motor development. Significant differences were found in most of the common quantitative parameters between standing long jump and vertical jump, including the takeoff velocity, trunk inclination angle, trunk extension range, slopes of hip-ankle plot and hip-knee plot during pre-takeoff phase. The finding indicated that the motor features and strategies of standing long jump and vertical jump may not be the same in 4~6 year-old preschoolers. In summary, the progresses of quantitative and qualitative measures in standing long jump (and vertical jump ?) were consistent to the gross motor development during the preschool period. Trunk movement and slope of hip-ankle plot during pre-takeoff phase were important quantitative parameters related to motor development, and also considered important determinants of different motor strategies between standing long jump and vertical jump. |
