摘要: | Part I
在台灣有許多農民會使用2-氯乙醇來使葡萄可以快速發芽生長,因此被稱為葡萄催芽劑;2-氯乙醇是個無色透明液體,且廣泛的使用在工業上當作溶劑與化工原料,其分子量為80.52,沸點為128.8℃,可以溶於水、酒精及乙醚。2-氯乙醇是個毒性很強的化學物質,在使用過程中可能會因為使用不當,造成經由吸入、口服或者是皮膚接觸而造成毒性。毒性症狀包羅萬象,可以從輕微的頭暈、噁心、嘔吐和腹痛,直到嚴重的意識不清、癲癇、呼吸衰竭、低血糖、肝腎功能衰竭、心血管功能衰竭等等都可能發生。2-氯乙醇的中毒機轉目前沒有了解,而且2-氯乙醇的代謝途徑也尚未完全確定,但是一般認為醇去氫?(alcohol dehydrogenase)代謝應該是最重要的第一步,根據Johnson的研究(Johnson, 1967),2-氯乙醇在動物體內可能由醇去氫?代謝成2-氯乙醛(2-chloroacetaldehyde)這個活性?高且具有強?細胞毒性的物質。2-氯乙醛亦可能會經由醛去氫?(aldehyde dehydrogenase)代謝成2-氯乙酸(2-chloroacetatic acid),而2-氯乙酸對於哺乳?細胞組織亦會產毒性作用反應。Fomepizole目前廣泛的應用在甲醇(methanol)或是抗凍劑(乙二醇,ethylene glycol)中毒的解毒劑,fomepizole是醇去氫?競爭性的抑制劑,可以有效的抑制甲醇或乙二醇代謝成有毒的物質,進而達到解毒的效果。目前對於2-氯乙醇如何對身體造成毒性的機轉目前仍?清楚,但如果2-氯乙醇的代謝途徑主要是經由醇去氫?代謝的話,那fomepizole是個很好的解藥,但是使用的時機是要在2-氯乙醇代謝成2-氯乙醛或2-氯乙酸之前。從實驗上也發現2-氯乙醇及其代謝產物(2-氯乙醛或2-氯乙酸)所造成的細胞毒性,有一部分是來自氧化性壓力損傷。因此中毒的病人或許可以使用fomepizole和N-acetylcysteine (為一種抗氧化劑)來當作解毒劑使用。在此,我們報告了一個農民中毒的個案,68歲男性在使用葡萄催芽劑的過程沒有做防護措施,整個早上工作過程中雙手一直接觸2-氯乙醇,到下午病人開始出現頭?、噁心、嘔吐的現象,甚至很快的意識不清、癲癇、低血糖甚至是呼吸衰竭等現象,經由fomepizole和N-acetylcysteinec的治療後,病人存活了下來,但是卻留下神經學的後遺症。而這些神經學的後遺症有可能是因為2-氯乙醇會直接對腦神經細胞造成毒性所引起的。
Part II
2-氯乙醇是一種在工業上常?且廣泛使用的溶劑與化工原?,而在台灣是當成葡萄催芽劑。2-氯乙醇常溫下是一種無色透明的液體,分子?為80.52,沸點為128.8℃,其可溶於水、酒精及乙醚。2-氯乙醇是個毒性很強的化學物質,在使用過程中可能會因為使用不當,造成經由吸入、口服或者是皮膚接觸而造成毒性。毒性症狀包羅萬象,可以從輕微的頭暈、噁心、嘔吐和腹痛,直到嚴重的意識不清、癲癇、呼吸衰竭、低血糖、肝腎功能衰竭、心血管功能衰竭等等都可能發生。2-氯乙醇的中毒機轉目前沒有了解,而且2-氯乙醇的代謝途徑也尚未完全確定,但是一般認為醇去氫?代謝應該是最重要的第一步。根據Johnson的研究(Johnson, 1967),2-氯乙醇在動物體內可能經由醇去氫?(alcohol dehydrogenase)代謝成2-氯乙醛(2-chloroacetaldehyde),是個活性?高且具有強?細胞毒性的物質。2-氯乙醛亦可能會經由醛去氫?(aldehyde dehydrogenase)代謝成2-氯乙酸(2-chloroacetatic acid),而2-氯乙酸對於哺乳?細胞組織亦會產毒性作用反應。在之前的個案報告裡,病人除了有肝、腎和心臟功能有受損外,也發現到病人也有神經學方面的症狀以及後遺症。因此本研究將利用神經元細胞株來進一步探討2-氯乙酸之神經毒性反應與可能之作用機轉。由實驗結果發現:2-氯乙酸很明顯的會降低 Neuro-2a 細胞存活率,增加活性氧物種(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)與細胞膜脂質過氧化(Lipid peroxidation, LPO)等氧化性壓力(oxidative stress)損傷產生;而且2-氯乙酸會增加sub-G1 hypodiploids, annexin V-Cy3結合, 和增加caspase-3和-7的活性,這代表著2-氯乙酸會造成細胞凋亡(apoptosis)。再者,2-氯乙酸造成粒線體失去功能,增加p53活性,降低Bcl-2和Mdm-2傳訊核糖核酸(mRNA),增加PARP和細胞凋亡調控蛋白caspase cascades的活化表現,也就是造成經由粒線體路徑引發細胞凋亡。2-氯乙酸亦會增加JNK 和 p38-MAPK蛋白磷酸化表現。而給予抗氧化劑N-acetylcysteine (NAC)則可以顯著的抑制2-氯乙酸所引起細胞凋亡的反應,同時,p38-MAPK專一性抑制劑SB203580亦會明顯的降低2-氯乙酸所引起p38-MAPK蛋白磷酸化與細胞凋亡之表現表現,而JNK專一性抑制劑SP600125則無此效果。另外一方面,2-氯乙酸也會增加內質網壓力(ER stress)相關調控蛋白,包含:GRP78, GRP94, CHOP, XBP1, caspase-12 等的活化表現,進而引發calpain活化與細胞凋亡產生。給予抗氧化劑NAC與專一性小片段RNA (small interfering RNA (si-RNA)) GRP78和GRP94,可以有效的來抑制2-氯乙酸引起神神經元胞細胞凋亡的產生。因此,由這些研究結果我們第一次證實了2-氯乙酸造成神經元細胞死亡最主要是:透過氧化性壓力產生,一方面活化了p38-MAPK蛋白與造成粒線體功能喪失,進而導致細胞凋亡產生;另一方面則是引起內質網壓力相關調控蛋白活化表現,進而調控細胞凋亡。
Part I
2-chloroethanol (2-CE) is applied to hasten grapevines sprouting in Taiwan. Decrease of conscious level, hypoglycemia and deterioration of liver and renal function are noted during intoxication. However, the pathophysiological mechanism of this toxicity are not fully understood. Here, we reported a case of 2-CE intoxication which was the complicated with diffuse subcortical hemorrhage, hypoglycemia, and delay types of liver and kidney damages. Patient recovered by treated with fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, loading dose of 15 mg / kg and maintain dose of 10 mg / kg every 12 hours for 8 days) and N-acetylcysteine (antioxidant, 150 mg / kg every 12hours for 14 days). However, he displayed with decline in the ability of memory, calculation, comprehension and language. These neurologic sequelae might be due to diffuse subcortical hemorrhage.
part II
2-chloroethanol (2-CE) is a common and widespread in the industrial use of solvents and chemical raw materials. In Taiwan, farmers apply 2-CE on grape-vines to accelerate grape growth. It is very toxic and could induce multiple organ failure; but until now, the toxicological effects of 2-CE is still remain unclear. Alcohol-dehydrogenase, aldehyde-dehydrogenase and glutathione were hypothesized to be important in the metabolism of 2-CE. The metabolism of 2-CE, 2-chloroacetaldehyde(2-CAA) and 2-chloroacetic acid(2-CA) are the main causes of toxicity. Here, we found that 2-CA significantly decreased Neuro-2a cells viability, and increased reactive oxygen species(ROS), MDA formation and lipid peroxidation production. 2-CA also induced the increases in sub-G1 hypodiploids, annexin V-Cy3 binding, and caspase-3 and -7 activity in Neuro-2a cells, indicating that 2-CA could induce cell apoptosis. Moreover, 2-CA also caused JNK and p38-MAPK activation, mitochondria dysfunction (loss mitochondria membrane potential and cytochrome c release), up-regulation of p53 and down regulation of Bcl-2 and Mdm-2 mRNA expression, PARP and caspase cascades activations, which displayed features of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signals. These responses could be effectively reversed by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and specific p38-MAPK inhibitor SB203580, but not that JNK inhibitor, could suppress 2-CA-induced apoptosis. In addition, exposure of Neuro-2a cells to 2-CA could trigger ER stress as indicated by the enhancement in ER stress-related molecules induction (such as GRP78, GRP94, CHOP, and XBP1), procaspase-12 cleavage, and calpain activation. NAC effectively inhibited 2-CA-induced ER stress-related markers expression, and transfecting cells with siRNA-GRP78 and siRNA-GRP94 also prevented 2-chloroacetic acid (2-CA) induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrated for the first that 2-CA-induced oxidative stress causes neuronal cells apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent and ER stress-triggered apoptosis signaling pathways. |