| 摘要: | 薑為中國傳統中藥，乾薑早在雷公集注神農本草經時即已收載，至名醫別錄乾薑下收載了生薑，南北朝陶弘景在校定神農本草經時將兩項收錄供藥用，後來為醫療使用而有各種炮製品如乾薑、煨薑、薑炭等產生，薑經過炮製後指標成分Gin發生改變。首先本論文進行台中縣東勢鄉一年生生薑Gin成分分析，高效液相層析儀分析結果，生薑的薑皮中Gin的含量為0.823 mg/g，生薑的根莖為0.806 mg/g，薑的根莖及薑皮上的Gin 含量是薑芽的1.67倍，是薑葉的39.0倍。等量的生薑炮製後，Gin含量比為生薑:乾薑:薑碳:煨薑=1:0.2:0.17:0.85，1公克生薑中Gin含量最高。
其次探討Gin對小鼠及大鼠的抗發炎及止痛作用，結果顯示Gin﹙25, 50mg/kg，ip﹚可明顯抑制醋酸所引起的小鼠扭體反應次數，及福馬林引起的後期舔足反應時間，Gin亦可明顯減少λ-carrageenan引起的大鼠足蹠腫脹體積。在小鼠腹腔注射Gin﹙25, 50 mg/kg﹚和控制組比較結果，對於1 % 醋酸所引起的扭體反應與控制組比較結果分別為22.2 ± 4.1, 18.1 ± 3.0, 38.2 ± 3.6，福馬林引發疼痛末期的舔蹠時間（sec）分別為76.1 ± 7.1, 68.2 ± 4.1, 118.3 ± 12.2，Gin﹙25mg/kg – 50mg/kg﹚對之均有明顯的抑制作用。對於λ-carrageenan引起的大鼠足蹠浮腫反應，Gin﹙50mg/kg –100mg/kg﹚具有明顯的抗發炎止痛的效果。
在抗血小板凝集反應上大鼠腹腔注射Gin﹙12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg﹚利用ADP、collagen和AA引起的血小板凝集反應效果和控制組結果分別為ADP誘導每分鐘的百分比為47.4 ± 1.28, 39.8 ± 1.19, 33.8 ± 1.09; Coll誘導每分鐘的百分比為22.9 ± 0.94, 21.4 ± 0.86, 19.4 ± 0.64 ；AA誘導每分鐘的百分比為15.1 ± 0.86, 12.0 ± 1.26, 16.3 ± 1.02；控制組分鐘的百分比65.4 ± 1.91, 63.2 ± 1.7, 56.2 ± 1.6 ，兔子利用濁度分析法檢驗抗血小板凝集反應，利用ADP（2 mM）引起的血小板凝集反應和控制組比較結果，在口服Gin 30 mg/kg在五小時檢測中，在前四小時均顯示抑制作用，尤其在第二小時最明顯。
最後評估生薑和nifedipine併用於高血壓患者及正常志願者抗血小板的效果，結果顯示生薑或aspirin併用nifedipine對於高血壓患者及正常志願者生薑及aspirin均可增強nifedipine抗血小板凝集作用，高血壓患者口服(nifedipine 10 mg/day；nifedpine 10mg併 aspirin 75mg ；nifedpine 10mg 併生薑末 1g/day)在抑制血小板凝集反應由collagen, ADP, epinephrine所引起的抗血小板凝集反應分別為(20.5%, 22.3%, 19.24%；65.2%, 64.6%, 62.8%；64.2%, 63.8%, 61.1%)。
綜合以上結果，薑全株中薑辣醇含量以薑皮最高，其次依序為薑肉、薑芽及薑葉，薑具有抗暈止吐作用，生薑與nifedipine之抗凝血有協同作用，薑辣醇具有鎮痛、抗發炎及抗凝血作用。
In China, ginger was mentioned dried ginger was first mentioned in the earliest herbals Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, fresh ginger was first listed in Ming Yi Bie Lu. Both the dried and fresh ginger are listed in Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu by Tao Hong-Jing, around the year of 500 AD.
Gin, Roscoe has been used as an index marker of Zingiber officinale. The HPLC analytical procedure of Gin was firstly described in this report. Then, the Gin contents in different preparations were evaluated. Ginger rhizome and skin had about 1.67 times more of Gin than ginger bud and about 39.0 times more than ginger leaf. The amount of Gin in ginger skin and in ginger rhizome was about 0.823 mg/g and 0.806 mg/g respectively. The Gin content was in the ratio from fresh, solar dried, charcoal, soil heated as1, 0.2, 0.17, 0.85, respectively.
Secondly, the effects of Gin on acetic acid and formalin induced nociception in mice and λ-carrageenin induced inflammation in rat were examined. The treatment of animals with Gin (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg ) produced significantly the dose dependent inhibition of the acetic acid and formalin induced abdomen writhes in mice. Gin (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg ) and control were found to be 22.2 ± 4.1, 18.1 ± 3.0, 38.2 ± 3.6 respectively. Gin (25 mg/kg, 50mg/kg ) produced significant inhibition in the late phase in mice. Gin (25 mg/kg, 50mg/kg ) and control showed 76.1 ± 7.1, 68.2 ± 4.1, 118.3 ± 12.2 respectively in formalin- induced licking time in the late phase. Gin (25 mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg ) significantly decreased the λ-carrageenin (CARR) induced the paw edema in rats. Gin (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) had more edema inhibition than indomethacin at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Gin (12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50mg/kg ) also significantly attenuated the platelet aggregation produced by ADP, collagen or arachidonic acid in rats . The percentage of inhibition found to be 47.4 ± 1.28, 39.8 ± 1.19, 33.8 ± 1.09; 22.9 ± 0.94, 21.4 ± 0.86, 19.4 ± 0.64; 15.1 ± 0.86, 12.0 ± 1.26, 16.3 ± 1.02; 65.4 ± 1.91, 63.2 ± 1.7, 56.2 ± 1.6, per minute respectively with the control group. Male New Zealand rabbits were orally administered with Gin (25 mg/kg) produced significantly anti-platelet aggregation in the five hours study, especially in the second hour.
Thirdly, I designed an anti-nausea and anti-motion sickness effects studied. The data showed no difference between ginger tea and meclizine HCl (25 mg), an antihistamine drug used in an over-the-counter motion sickness product. We evaluated the synergistic effect of ginger and nifedipine on the anti-platelet aggregation in normal human volunteers and hypertensive patients. The data showed the percentage of inhibition of platelet aggregation after treatment with nifedipine collagen, ADP and epinephrine induced in hypertension patients were 20.5%, 22.3%, 19.2% respectively. After co-administration of aspirin and nifedipine, the percentage inhibition values were 65.2%, 64.6%, 62.8% respectively. In the combination of nifedipine and ginger, co-administration the percentage of inhibition values were 64.2%, 63.8%, 61.1% respectively. Thus, nifedipine and ginger had a synergistic effect on inhibition of platelet aggregation.
These results suggested that Gin possessed analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation activities. Ginger and nifedipine possessed synergistic effect on anti-platelet aggregation. |
